Modern Pharmaceutical Analytical Techniques

THEORY 1.

a. UV-Visible spectroscopy:

Introduction, Theory, Laws, Instrumentation associated with UV-Visible spectroscopy, Choice of solvents and solvent effect and Applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy, Difference/ Derivative spectroscopy.

b. IR spectroscopy:

Theory, Modes of Molecular vibrations, Sample handling, Instrumentation of Dispersive and Fourier - Transform IR Spectrometer, Factors affecting vibrational frequencies and Applications of IR spectroscopy, Data Interpretation.

c. Spectroflourimetry: Theory of Fluorescence, Factors affecting fluorescence (Characterestics of drugs that can be analysed by flourimetry), Quenchers, Instrumentation and Applications of fluorescence spectrophotometer.

d. Flame emission spectroscopy and Atomic absorption spectroscopy:

Principle, Instrumentation, Interferences and Applications.

NMR spectroscopy: Quantum numbers and their role in NMR, Principle, Instrumentation, Solvent requirement in NMR, Relaxation process, NMR signals in various compounds, Chemical shift, Factors influencing chemical shift, Spin-Spin coupling, Coupling constant, Nuclear magnetic double resonance, Brief outline of principles of FT-NMR and 13C NMR. Applications of NMR spectroscopy.

Hrs Hrs Mass Spectroscopy: Principle, Theory, Instrumentation of Mass Spectroscopy, Different types of ionization like electron impact, chemical, field, FAB and MALDI, APCI, ESI, APPI Analyzers of Quadrupole and Time of Flight, Mass fragmentation and its rules, Meta stable ions, Isotopic peaks and Applications of Mass spectroscopy.

Hrs Chromatography:

Principle, apparatus, instrumentation, chromatographic parameters, factors affecting resolution, isolation of drug from excipients, data interpretation and applications of the

following:

a) Thin Layer chromatography b) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography c) Ion exchange chromatography d) Column chromatography e) Gas chromatography f) High Performance Liquid chromatography g) Ultra High Performance Liquid chromatography h) Affinity chromatography i) Gel Chromatography Hrs a.Electrophoresis:

Principle, Instrumentation, Working conditions, factors affecting separation and applications of the

following:

a) Paper electrophoresis b) Gel electrophoresis c) Capillary electrophoresis d) Zone electrophoresis e) Moving boundary electrophoresis f) Iso electric focusing b.X ray Crystallography: Production of X rays, Different X ray methods, Bragg‘s law, Rotating crystal technique, X ray powder technique, Types of crystals and applications of X-ray diffraction.

Hrs a. Potentiometry: Principle, working, Ion selective Electrodes and Application of potentiometry.

b. Thermal Techniques:

Principle, thermal transitions and Instrumentation (Heat flux and power-compensation and designs), Modulated DSC, Hyper DSC, experimental parameters (sample preparation, experimental conditions, calibration, heating and cooling rates, resolution, source of errors) and their influence, advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.

Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, instrumentation Hrs and advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications, derivative differential thermal analysis (DDTA). TGA: Principle, instrumentation, factors affecting results, advantage and disadvantages, pharmaceutical applications.