Pharmacology

Chapter Topic General Pharmacology • Introduction and scope of Pharmacology • Various routes of drug administration - advantages and disadvantages • Drug absorption - definition, types, factors affecting drug absorption • Bioavailability and the factors affecting bioavailability • Drug distribution - definition, factors affecting drug distribution • Biotransformation of drugs - Definition, types of biotransformation reactions, factors influencing drug metabolisms • Excretion of drugs - Definition, routes of drug excretion • General mechanisms of drug action and factors modifying drug action Drugs Acting on the Peripheral Nervous System • Steps involved in neurohumoral transmission • Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of a) Cholinergic drugs b) Anti-Cholinergic drugs c) Adrenergic drugs d) Anti-adrenergic drugs e) Neuromuscular blocking agents f) Drugs used in Myasthenia gravis g) Local anaesthetic agents h) Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Drugs Acting on the Eye Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications and contraindications of • Miotics • Mydriatics • Drugs used in Glaucoma Drugs Acting on the Central Nervous System Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of • General anaesthetics • Hypnotics and sedatives • Anti-Convulsant drugs • Anti-anxiety drugs • Anti-depressant drugs • Anti-psychotics • Nootropic agents • Centrally acting muscle relaxants • Opioid analgesics Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of • Anti-hypertensive drugs • Anti-anginal drugs • Anti-arrhythmic drugs • Drugs used in atherosclerosis and • Congestive heart failure • Drug therapy for shock Drugs Acting on Blood and Blood Forming Organs Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of • Hematinic agents • Anti-coagulants • Anti-platelet agents • Thrombolytic drugs Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of • Bronchodilators • Expectorants • Anti-tussive agents • Mucolytic agents Drugs Acting on the Gastro Intestinal Tract Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of • Anti-ulcer drugs • Anti-emetics • Laxatives and purgatives • Anti-diarrheal drugs Drugs Acting on the Kidney Definition, classification, pharmacological actions, dose, indications, and contraindications of • Diuretics • Anti-Diuretics Hormones and Hormone Antagonists Physiological and pathological role and clinical uses of • Thyroid hormones • Anti-thyroid drugs • Parathormone • Calcitonin • Vitamin D • Insulin • Oral hypoglycemic agents • Estrogen • Progesterone • Oxytocin • Corticosteroids Autocoids • Physiological role of Histamine, HT and Prostaglandins • Classification, clinical uses, and adverse effects of antihistamines and 5 HT antagonists Chemotherapeutic Agents: Introduction, basic principles of chemotherapy of infections, infestations and neoplastic diseases, Classification, dose, indication and contraindications of drugs belonging to following classes:

• Penicillins • Cephalosporins • Aminoglycosides • Fluoroquinolones • Macrolides • Tetracyclines • Sulphonamides • Anti-tubercular drugs • Anti-fungal drugs • Anti-viral drugs • Anti-amoebic agents • Anthelmintics • Anti-malarial agents • Anti-neoplastic agents Biologicals Definition, types, and indications of biological agents with examples PHARMACOLOGY – PRACTICAL Course Code: ER20-21P 50 Hours (2 Hours/week) Scope: This course provides the basic understanding about the uses, mechanisms of actions, dose dependent responses of drugs in simulated virtual animal models and experimental conditions.

Course Objectives: This course will demonstrate / provide hands-on experience in the virtual platform using appropriate software on the following

1. Study of pharmacological effects of drugs like local anaesthetics, mydriatic and mitotic on rabbit eye

2. Screening the effects of various drugs acting in the central nervous system

3. Study of drug effects on isolated organs / tissues

4. Study of pyrogen testing on rabbit Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

1. Study and report the local anaesthetic, mydriatic and mitotic effects of the given drug on the rabbit eye

2. Choose appropriate animal experiment model to study the effects of the given drugs acting on the central nervous system and submit the report

3. Perform the effects of given tissues (simulated) on isolated organs / tissues and interpret the results

4. Interpret the dose dependent responses of drugs in various animal experiment models Practicals Introduction to the following topics pertaining to the experimental pharmacology have to be discussed and documented in the practical manuals.

1. Introduction to experimental pharmacology

2. Study of laboratory animals (a) Mice; (b) Rats; (c) Guinea pigs; (d) Rabbits

3. Commonly used instruments in experimental pharmacology

4. Different routes of administration of drugs in animals

5. Types of pre-clinical experiments: In-Vivo, In-Vitro, Ex-Vivo, etc.

6. Techniques of blood collection from animals Experiments Note: Animals shall not be used for doing / demonstrating any of the experiments given. The given experiments shall be carried- out / demonstrated as the case may be, ONLY with the use of software program(s) such as ‘Ex Pharm’ or any other suitable software

1. Study of local anaesthetics on rabbit eye

2. Study of Mydriatic effect on rabbit eye

3. Study of Miotic effect on rabbit eye

4. Effect of analgesics using Analgesiometer

5. Study of analgesic activity by writhing test

6. Screening of anti-convulsant using Electro Convulsiometer

7. Screening of Muscle relaxants using Rota-Rod apparatus

8. Screening of CNS stimulants and depressants using Actophotometer

9. Study of anxiolytic activity using elevated plus maze method

10. Study of effect of drugs (any 2) on isolated heart

11. Effect of drugs on ciliary motility on frog’s buccal cavity

12. Pyrogen testing by rabbit method Assignments The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on the following topics (One assignment per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)

1. Introduction to Allergy Testing

2. Introduction to Toxicity Studies

3. Drug Facts Labels of US FDA

4. Pre-clinical studies in new drug development

5. Medicines and meals: Before or After food

6. Pre-clinical studies in new drug development

7. Drugs available as paediatric formulations

8. Drug information apps