Biochemistry & Clinical Pathology

Chapter Topic Introduction to biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical organization.

Carbohydrates • Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties • Monosaccharides - Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose • Disaccharides - structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose • Polysaccharides - chemical nature of starch and glycogen • Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates Proteins • Definition, classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples • Definition, classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples • Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure) • Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids • Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.

Lipids • Definition, classification with examples • Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats) • Fatty acid classification - Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples • Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body • Lipoproteins - types, composition and functions in the body • Qualitative tests and functions of lipids Nucleic acids • Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases • Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples • Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions Enzymes • Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification • Factors affecting enzyme activity • Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors • Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes Vitamins • Definition and classification with examples • Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures) • Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates • Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia • Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation.

Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.

• Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation Minerals:

Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements Water and Electrolytes • Distribution, functions of water in the body • Water turnover and balance • Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance • Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy Introduction to Biotechnology Organ function tests • Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical significances • Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical significances • Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine • Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease • Erythrocytes - Abnormal cells and their significance • Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance BIOCHEMISTRY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY – PRACTICAL Course Code: ER20-23P 50 Hours (2 Hours/week) Scope: This course is designed to train the students in the qualitative testing of various biomolecules and testing of biological samples for determination of normal and abnormal constituents Course Objectives: This course will train and provide hands-on experiences on the following

1. Qualitative determination of biomolecules / metabolites in simulated biological samples

2. Determination of normal and abnormal constituents of simulated blood and urine samples Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

1. Qualitatively determine the biomolecules / metabolites in the given biological samples

2. Determine the normal and abnormal constituents in blood and urine samples and interpret the results of such testing Practicals

1. Qualitative analysis of carbohydrates (4 experiments)

2. Qualitative analysis of Proteins and amino acids (4 experiments)

3. Qualitative analysis of lipids (2 experiments)

4. Qualitative analysis of urine for normal and abnormal constituents (4 experiments)

5. Determination of constituents of urine (glucose, creatinine, chlorides) (2 experiments)

6. Determination of constituents of blood/serum (simulated) (Creatine, glucose, cholesterol, Calcium, Urea, SGOT/SGPT) (5 experiments)

7. Study the hydrolysis of starch from acid and salivary amylase enzyme (1 experiment) Assignments The students shall be asked to submit written assignments on Various Pathology Lab Reports (One assignment per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)