Pharmacognosy

Chapter Topic Definition, history, present status and scope of Pharmacognosy Classification of drugs:

● Alphabetical ● Taxonomical ● Morphological ● Pharmacological ● Chemical ● Chemo-taxonomical Quality control of crude drugs:

● Different methods of adulteration of crude drugs ● Evaluation of crude drugs Brief outline of occurrence, distribution, isolation, identification tests, therapeutic activity and pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, volatile oils, tannins and resins.

Biological source, chemical constituents and therapeutic efficacy of the following categories of crude drugs.

Laxatives Aloe, Castor oil, Ispaghula, Senna Cardiotonic Digitalis, Arjuna Carminatives and G.I. regulators Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ginger, Clove, Black Pepper, Asafoetida, Nutmeg, Cinnamon Astringents Myrobalan, Black Catechu, Pale Catechu Drugs acting on nervous system Hyoscyamus, Belladonna, Ephedra, Opium, Tea leaves, Coffee seeds, Coca Anti-hypertensive Rauwolfia Anti-tussive Vasaka, Tolu Balsam Anti-rheumatics Colchicum seed Anti-tumour Vinca, Podophyllum Antidiabetics Pterocarpus, Gymnema Diuretics Gokhru, Punarnava Anti-dysenteric Ipecacuanha Antiseptics and disinfectants Benzoin, Myrrh, Neem, Turmeric Antimalarials Cinchona, Artemisia Oxytocic Ergot Vitamins Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil Enzymes Papaya, Diastase, Pancreatin, Yeast Pharmaceutical Aids Kaolin, Lanolin, Beeswax, Acacia, Tragacanth, Sodium alginate, Agar, Guar gum, Gelatine Miscellaneous Squill, Galls, Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Guggul Plant fibres used as surgical dressings: Cotton, silk, wool and regenerated fibres Sutures – Surgical Catgut and Ligatures ● Basic principles involved in the traditional systems of medicine like: Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy ● Method of preparation of Ayurvedic formulations like:

Arista, Asava, Gutika, Taila, Churna, Lehya and Bhasma Role of medicinal and aromatic plants in national economy and their export potential Herbs as health food:

Brief introduction and therapeutic applications of:

Nutraceuticals, Antioxidants, Pro-biotics, Pre-biotics, Dietary fibres, Omega-3-fatty acids, Spirulina, Carotenoids, Soya and Garlic Introduction to herbal formulations Herbal cosmetics:

Sources, chemical constituents, commercial preparations, therapeutic and cosmetic uses of: Aloe vera gel, Almond oil, Lavender oil, Olive oil, Rosemary oil, Sandal Wood oil Phytochemical investigation of drugs PHARMACOGNOSY – PRACTICAL Course Code: ER20-13P 75 Hours (3 Hours/week) Scope: This course is designed to train the students in physical identification, morphological characterization, physical and chemical characterization, and evaluation of commonly used herbal drugs.

Course Objectives: This course will provide hands-on experiences to the students in

1. Identification of the crude drugs based on their morphological characteristics

2. Various characteristic anatomical characteristics of the herbal drugs studied through transverse section

3. Physical and chemical tests to evaluate the crude drugs Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

1. Identify the given crude drugs based on the morphological characteristics

2. Take a transverse section of the given crude drugs

3. Describe the anatomical characteristics of the given crude drug under microscopical conditions

4. Carry out the physical and chemical tests to evaluate the given crude drugs Practicals

1. Morphological Identification of the following drugs:

Ispaghula, Senna, Coriander, Fennel, Cardamom, Ginger, Nutmeg, Black Pepper, Cinnamon, Clove, Ephedra, Rauwolfia, Gokhru, Punarnava, Cinchona, Agar.

2. Gross anatomical studies (Transverse Section) of the following drugs:

Ajwain, Datura, Cinnamon, Cinchona, Coriander, Ashwagandha, Liquorice, Clove, Curcuma, Nux vomica, Vasaka

3. Physical and chemical tests for evaluation of any FIVE of the following drugs:

Asafoetida, Benzoin, Pale catechu, Black catechu, Castor oil, Acacia, Tragacanth, Agar, Guar gum, Gelatine.

Assignments The students shall be asked to submit the written assignments on the following topics (One assignment per student per sessional period. i.e., a minimum of THREE assignments per student)

1. Market preparations of various dosage forms of Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathic (Classical and Proprietary), indications, and their labelling requirements

2. Market preparations of various herbal formulations and herbal cosmetics, indications, and their labelling requirements

3. Herb-Drug interactions documented in the literature and their clinical significances Field Visit The students shall be taken in groups to a medicinal garden to witness and understand the nature of various medicinal plants discussed in theory and practical courses. Additionally, they shall be taken in groups to the pharmacies of traditional systems of medicines to understand the availability of various dosage forms and their labelling requirements. Individual reports from each student on their learning experience from the field visit shall be submitted.